Father and Son Relationship in ‘Death of a Salesman’ and ‘Fences’

Once, talking about his relationship with his father, Arthur Miller said that it was, "like two searchlights on different islands." searching for each other. Nothing can describe better the theme of strained father-son relationship, Miller so passionately explores in his plays like 'Death of a Salesman' and 'All My Sons".

When asked about the reason for this recurring theme, Miller said, "The two greatest plays ever written were Hamlet and Oedipus Rex, and they're both about father-son relationships, you know. So this goes back." He further said that although "This is an old story. I didn't invent it and I'm sure it will happen again and again."

August Wilson's relationship with his father was far from normal. His father was a white German immigrant who never lived with the family and rarely made an appearance. So much so that August Wilson officially erased the memory of his father by adopting his mother's name in 1970s. Later on, David Bedford, an ex-convict whose race prevented him from getting a football scholarship became Wilson's stepfather.

August was a teenager then and the relationship between the father and son was rocky and turbulent. Bedford would later on become the source for his play 'Fences'. Troy Maxson, the protagonist of 'Fences' is a former baseball player who is blocked from the major leagues by segregation. He has a teenaged son, named Cory with whom he has a fractured father-son relationship. Troy's ouster from the game he loves, leaves him gravely embittered.

He is consumed with bitterness and is convinced that if you are a black man, "you born with two strikes on you before you come to the plate." Powerless to change his situation in society, Troy practically becomes a bully at home. This is one place where he can assert and find comfort in the fact that he is in control.

His family, especially his son Cory pays a price to keep him happy thus. Willy wants to make it big in the world of sales and fails miserably. Unable to accept the reality of his position, he turns into a shell of a man; totally incapable to play out his responsibilities as a wise energetic father. Hence, both the plays deal with abnormal psychology of the protagonists, leading to disastrous consequences.

Rev. C. Irving Cummings, of Old Cambridge Baptist Church, during one of his sermons commented: "Father/son relationship is a theme in our culture which is often surrounded with difficulty. How many times, in my office, or among my friends, have I heard a son's anguish and despair at feeling distant and unable to relate with his father."

It is chiefly the result of the generation gap. This chasm between the father and son can be clearly seen in "Fences." While in "Death of A Salesman" it is subtle till Biff openly announces, "Pop! I'm a dime a dozen, and so are you!"

Although, Happy is not Willy's favorite son, he does everything possible to keep Willy in good disposition. Actually, Willy never paid much attention to Happy as he had few expectations from him. As a result of this, Happy, in reality, fails to achieve much in life and keeps lying to Willy about his supposed success.

While, Biff ultimately realizes the futility of Willy loman's dreams, Happy stupidly continues to subscribe to them. He speaks out about Willy after his death, "He had a good dream, the only dream a man can have - to come out number one man. He fought it out here, and this where I'm gonna win it for him." This sure rings a bell. This is an indication that Happy has failed to take a leaf out of the tragic life of his father.

Troy's failure to play baseball in the Major League due to the color of his skin makes him grossly unjust towards his family, especially towards his sons. He denies them everything they like or feel good about. Cory is disallowed to play football because it is Cory's choice and not his father's. Troy is also least appreciative of Lyon's love for jazz music and dubs it as inconsequential 'Chinese music'.

He strongly disagrees with Rose who likes to play numbers. Cory's complaint to his father is significant, "You ain't never done nothing but hold me back. Afraid I was gonna be better than you. All you ever did was try and make me scared of you." This brings into mind the words of Rev. C. Irving Cummings about father-son relationship, "If Freud was right, there's a lot of "built-in" stuff around that relationship (father-son), perhaps in every culture—certainly in ours.

Freud, of course, said, famously, that fathers are inherently jealous of sons because of the attention they claim from the sons' mothers, their wives. Fathers are a fait accompli; sons are open, ready and yearning to become all the things their fathers are not".

Although Willy is a Whiteman and Troy is an Afro-American, they both represent the Post-Depression trauma in equal measure. The Depression years, particularly saw fragility of American families as a rising social problem. Miller and Wilson were very well aware of this fact. Miller had long realized, "a simple shift of relationships" could change ordinary plays into great ones.

He once said, "In the writing of father-son relationship and of the son's search for his relatedness there was a fullness of feeling I had never known before; a crescendo was struck with a force I could almost touch". The struggle between the father and son over conflicting visions, aspirations and values is the fulcrum and the axis around which the two plays revolve.

Instead of commanding respect, Troy literally demands respect from his son Cory and feels great about it. He is completely unmindful of the hurt, he causes in the process. He also fails to recognize the fact that times have changed and Cory stands a reasonable chance to represent the football team in the Major League.

According to Rev. C. Irving Cummings, "Freud, of course, received enormous criticism for his suggestion that there are such primitive forces at work between mothers and sons and fathers who, so predictably, and so often, react to their sons with such jealousy, rage and withdrawal."

Miller proves beyond any iota of doubt the........ negative influence of American dream on the American families. While Willy's chases American dream in the field of salesmanship, Troy Maxson tries to realize it in the arena of sports.

Biff is Willy's favorite son. He loves him so much that he forgets that Willy has grown up and has a personality of his own. His failure compounds Willy's grief. Willy Loman is squarely responsible for Biff's fiasco. He fills Biff with a lot of hot air, "I'll get him a job selling. He could be big in no time" He runs down Charley's son Bernard for not being "well-liked." He predicts, "Bernard can get the best marks in school . . . but when he gets out into the business world . . . you are going to be five times ahead of him. . . . Be liked and you will never want." He was totally wrong. Bernard grows up to become a successful Supreme Court lawyer.


Willy also makes Biff completely complacent about himself, "You got greatness in you, Biff. . . You got all kinds of greatness." He is also responsible for Biff's kleptomania. Had Willy not dismissed Biff's act of stealing football from the school as 'initiative,' Biff would not have become a compulsive thief. Biff largely suffers due to the blatantly wrong training his father imparted to him. This alone was sufficient to distance Biff from his father; top it with the Boston episode and you have a recipe for disaster.


Troy Maxson's name and the way he relates to his sons remind us of the famous Mason-Dixon Line that, starting in 1820, was the term used to describe the imaginary line separating the slave states from the free states. With that kind of a mindset, nothing much can be expected from Troy as a father.

Cory's words about his father surely reflect his inner pain, "The whole time I was growing up….living in the house…Papa was like a shadow that followed you everywhere. It weighed on you and sunk into your flesh….Trying to live through you. Everywhere I looked, Troy Maxson was looking at me…." Cory's revolt against his father is an assertion of his freedom. Troy cannot digest his son's courage to stand up against him.


All these years, Troy had been a big banyan tree denying any light or space to the plants below. Infuriated, he gives Cory marching orders, "If you don't get on the other side of that yard…I 'm gonna show you how crazy I am! Go on….get the hell out of my yard". Cory's reminder to his father, "You ain't never gave me nothing!" says it all. The father-son relationship hinges on love, caring and spirit of accommodation. This is something that Cory never got from his father. Lyon was lucky to escape Troy's wrath as he lived elsewhere. His interaction with his father was limited to the time when he visited him for money.


August Wilson portrays Troy as a person who himself had a tumultuous relationship with his father. In both the plays, the sons suffer substantially because of the weak moral character of their fathers. Biff is devastated when he catches his father red-handed with a prostitute. He loses interest in studies and his career gets derailed. Similarly, Troy betrays his wife Rose and has sexual relationship with another woman named Alberta. Both Willy and Troy fall from a high pedestal.

They never rise in the eyes of their sons again. Cory physically grapples with his father, the moment he learns about his father's infidelity towards his mother. This also paves way for Cory to find his manhood away from the dark shadow of his father. Once far from the overbearing and detrimental influence of his father, Cory finds his self-respect by becoming a Marine.


Miller also highlights the fact that Willy and his sons enjoyed a healthy and vibrant relationship in the past. The world then wasn't so commercial and claustrophobic. The father and the sons thoroughly enjoyed doing manual work and polishing their car in the open.

A part of Willy duly realized the importance of the days gone by and of having a safe haven away from the maddening crowd, "Before it's all over we're gonna get a little place out in the country, and I'll raise some vegetables, a couple of chickens..." The delicious memories of the family's idyllic past send out a clear signal to the readers; commercialization and urbanization is injurious to the well-being of American families. August Wilson's message in "Fences" is no different.


Willy may have failed miserably as a father but one cannot lose sight of the fact that he loved his sons very much. He wanted the best for his sons; only he couldn't deliver. He attains martyrdom by sacrificing his life for his sons. He leaves this world in peace, with the knowledge that his sons would be able to start their lives afresh with the 20000 dollars, they would get as his insurance money.

In reality Troy is also good at heart. He isn't that crazy either. The fact that he cries when Cory leaves him, shows that he loves him basically. His reminder to Lyon to take charge of his life and act responsibly is an important warning that Lyon ignored. As a result, Lyon lands in jail for encashing other people's checks. Similarly, when Cory wants his father to get him a television, Troy advises him to come up with half of its cost and he would gladly match it.

This shows that Troy did want his son Cory to stand up on his feet. Only, if he could get over his rage and illusions, he might have made a nice father. Cory's act of singing his father's song about dog named Blue with Raynell, at the time of Troy's funeral, certainly points in that direction. READ MORE!

Willy Loman’s Suicide: Act of Defiance or Acceptance of Failure?

Willy's suicide has been variously interpreted by various critics. While some call it cowardice, some look at it as an act of martyrdom. I neither see it as an act of cowardice nor martyrdom. I don't see any defiance either in Willy's ignoble exit from this world.

I feel that Willy's suicide is indeed an acceptance of his failure. The protagonist's persistence in his follies far exceeds the point of recovery or rehabilitation. Willy, the salesman "cannot acknowledge his mistake without destroying his identity" ( Porter 152).

Willy Loman models his life on the rags to riches stories of exceptional people like Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Alva Edison. Willy believes, "If Edison, Goodrich and Red Grange can make it, why not me, why not Willy Loman?" (Henry Popkin) What he forgets is that such instances of success were rare and more of an exception.

Willy also ignores the fact that these successful people were men of character, hard-working, industrious and immensely self-disciplined. They valued time and were extremely focused. On the contrary, Willy has a wandering mind and ruefully wastes his time and energy in daydreaming and tall talk. Under the circumstances, his failure is a foregone conclusion.

Willy's excessive faith in American dream robs him of his good sense and right reason. Blinded by the myth of success, Willy Loman aimlessly chases the phantom of success through the streets of Brooklyn and New York. He forgets the message given out to Americans by Russell Conwell, "The industrious, the honest, the determined man can mine diamonds at home, in the city, wherever he is". Had Willy paid attention to the crux of this message, he would have realized that the real diamonds of happiness lie within one's heart and within one's family.

His irrepressible urge for quick success in material terms is in tune with the infamous success myth. This myth presupposes," The Creator made man a success-machine ….and failure is as abnormal to him as discord to harmony" (Marsden 27). With that kind of erroneous description of a successful man in his mind, Willy Loman commits the tragic error of anchoring his life on this tragic myth with tragic consequences. Willy's story of success turns out to be a story of failure. He commits series of unpardonable mistakes and thus plays havoc with his life and that of his family.

Instead of building his life and that of his kids on .... realistic ideas and realistic goals, he leads a phony life based upon phony values. His fantastic formula of success heavily banks upon the flawed concept of being 'well-liked' rather than on the time-tested principle of diligence. He speaks out, "It is not what you do Ben. It is who you know and the smile on your face! It is contacts, Ben, contacts!.....and that 's the wonder of this country…..that a man can end with diamonds here on the basis of being well-liked" (Salesman 86). The name of Willy's role model is Dave Singleman. This name has a symbolic value. Unlike Willy who is schizophrenic, this man is a 'single-man.' He is 'inner-directed' in total contrast with Willy's who is 'other-directed.'

He runs down Charley's son Bernard for not being "well-liked." He predicts, "Bernard can get the best marks in school . . . but when he gets out into the business world . . . you are going to be five times ahead of him. . . . Be liked and you will never want." He proves to be miserably wrong again. Bernard grows up to become a successful Supreme Court lawyer.

Willy is responsible in making Biff completely complacent about his faults, "You got greatness in you, Biff. . . You got all kinds of greatness." This turns Biff into a bit of a tin-god, incapable of dealing with life on realistic terms. Willy's list of mistakes keeps mounting.

Willy is also responsible for Biff's kleptomania. Had he not dismissed Biff's act of stealing football from the school as 'initiative,' Biff would not have become a compulsive thief. Biff largely suffers due to the blatantly wrong training his father imparted to him.

This realization alone was sufficient to distance Biff from his father; top it with the Boston episode and you have a recipe for disaster. Biff is devastated when he catches his father red-handed with a prostitute. He loses interest in studies and his career gets derailed. Willy falls from a high pedestal, never to rise again in the eyes of his wife and sons. Even now, Willy lacks guts to confess.

Willy fails as a salesman, as a father and also as a husband. His rag to riches theory never takes off from the ground. Instead his story of failure is a classic example of riches to rag. He loses whatsoever he had; his sales, his balance of mind, his peace of mind, his job and also his self-respect.

Willy's inability to reconcile with such failures resulting out of his monumental mistakes turn him into a shell of a man. He becomes hallucinated and makes a joke of himself. The inner realization that he is actually a 'low-man' or perhaps a 'no-man' in this utilitarian and materialistic world disintegrates him from within. Had he taken a leaf out of his mistakes and accepted his failure in his life time, he would not have suffered any further.

Past sixty years of age, tired and exhausted, this salesman returns empty-handed from a sales trip. In spite of this failure, he makes a hopelessly desperate attempt at getting a steady job in New York and a salary hike from his boss. The result is predictable, Willy gets fired instead. Immensely hurt, he cries out in pain, "You can't eat the orange and throw the peel away- a man is not a piece of fruit! (Salesman 64) The end of the job brings Willy's end nearer. This proves to be a proverbial last straw on the camel's back. Unable to carry the weight of his failure and lies anymore than he already has; Willy has no other alternative but to hit the wall, literally.

The failure of his sons also weighs heavily on his mind. He alternately faces and runs away from the harsh realities of life. His moments of truth have been far and few. Except for a few moments of confession, in front of Linda regarding his inability to drive to Boston, or about people laughing at him, falling income and rising bills, Will tells lies or takes shelter behind the memories of a glorious past that no longer exists.

Willy survives only up to the time he is able to keep his false optimism alive. When the moment of truth arrives, he stands not only without a job but also without any hope of a job. He stands alone. His sons abandon him the company of prostitutes. From a father, he becomes, "just a guy" when Happy bluntly states, "No, that's not my father". Biff's open declaration, "Pop! I'm a dime a dozen, and so are you!" is certainly a rude shock for Willy.

His act of planting seeds is symbolic of his disillusionment with the business world. The fact is that no seeds can grow in the barren backyard of his home, surrounded by tall buildings. It is a grim reminder to Willy that it is too late now to return to that agrarian lifestyle he left behind. The realization dawns upon Willy that the only way he can make amends for the irreparable loss he has caused to his family is through self-destruction. Willy's insurance money is the only thing, Willy has got. Finally, Willy has to accept his failure in life and leaves this world to pave way for a better future for his family.

Works Cited

Marsden, Orison. Entering Business . New York: 1903.

Miller, Arthur. "Death of A Salesman" . Penguin, 1975.

Popkin, Henry. "The Strange Encounter" Sewanee Review . LXVIII,1960.

Porter, Thomas E., "Acres of diamonds" Myth and Modern American Drama. Kalyani,

1969. READ MORE!